The Ancient City of Rome Has Many Nicknames

The Ancient City of Rome Has Many Nicknames Italys capital city of Rome is known by many names- and not just translations into other languages. Rome has recorded history going back more than two millennia, and legends go back even further, to about 753 BCE, when the Romans traditionally date the founding of their city. Etymology of Rome The city is called Roma in Latin, which has an uncertain origin. Some scholars believe the word refers to the citys founder and first king, Romulus, and roughly translates to oar or swift.  There are also additional theories that Rome derives from the Umbrian language, where the word might mean flowing waters.  Ancestors of the Umbri were likely in Etruria prior to the Etruscans.   Centuries of Names for Rome Rome is often called the Eternal City, a reference to its longevity and used first by the Roman poet Tibullus (c. 54–19 BCE) (ii.5.23) and a bit later, by Ovid (8 CE). Rome is the Caput Mundi (Capital of the world), or so said the Roman poet Marco Anneo Lucano in 61 CE. The Roman emperor Septimius Severus (145–211 CE) first called Rome the Urbs Sacra (the Sacred City)- he was speaking of Rome as the sacred city of the Roman religion, not that of the Christian religion, which it would become later. The Romans were shocked when the city fell to a sack by the Goths in 410 CE, and many said that the reason the city had fallen was that they had forsaken the old Roman religion for Christianity. In response, St. Augustine wrote his City of God in which he censured the Goths for their attack. The perfect society could be a City of God, said Augustine, or an Earthly City, depending on whether Rome could embrace Christianity and be cleaned of its moral turpitude. Rome is the City of Seven Hills: Aventine, Caelian, Capitoline, Esquiline, Palatine, Quirinal, and Vimina. The Italian painter Giotto di Bondone (1267–1377) perhaps said it best when he described Rome as the city of echoes, the city of illusions, and the city of yearning. A Handful of Quotes â€Å"I found Rome a city of bricks and left it a city of marble.† Augustus (Roman Emperor 27 BCE–14 CE)†How is it possible to say an unkind or irreverential word of Rome? The city of all time, and of all the world!† Nathaniel Hawthorne (American novelist. 1804–1864)â€Å"Everyone soon or late comes round by Rome.† Robert Browning (English Poet 1812–1889)Irish playwright Oscar Wilde (1854–1900) called Rome the Scarlet Woman, and the the one city of the soul.â€Å"Italy has changed. But Rome is Rome.† Robert De Niro (American actor, born 1943) The Secret Name of Rome Several writers from antiquity- including the historians Pliny and Plutarch- reported that Rome had a sacred name that was secret and that revealing that name would allow the enemies of Rome to ruin the city. The secret name of Rome, the ancients said, was kept by the cult of the goddess Angerona or Angeronia, who was, depending on which source you read, the goddess of silence, of anguish and fear, or of the new year. There was said to be a statue of her at Volupia which showed her with her mouth bound and sealed up. The name was so secret, that no one was allowed to say it, not even in rituals for Angerona. According to reports, one man, the poet and grammarian Quintus Valerius Soranus (~145 BCE–82 BCE), revealed the name. He was seized by the Senate and either crucified on the spot or fled in fear of punishment to Sicily, where he was captured by the governor and executed there.  Modern historians are not so sure any of that is true: although Valerius was executed, it may have been for political reasons. Plenty of names have been suggested for the secret name of Rome: Hirpa, Evouia, Valentia, Amor are just a few. A secret name has the power of a talisman, even if it didnt actually exist, powerful enough to make it into the anecdotes of antiquarians. If Rome has a secret name, there is knowledge of the ancient world that is unknowable. Popular Phrases All roads lead to Rome.  This idiom means that there are many different methods or ways to reach the same goal or conclusion, and likely refers to the extensive Roman Empires road system throughout its hinterlands.When in Rome, do as the Romans do.  Adapt to your decisions and actions to that of the present circumstances.Rome wasnt built in a day.  Great projects take time.Do not sit in Rome and strive with the Pope. It is best not to criticize or oppose someone in his or her own territory. Sources Cairns, Francis. Roma and Her Tutelary Deity: Names and Ancient Evidence. Ancient Historiography and Its Contexts: Studies in Honour of A. J. Woodman. Eds. Kraus, Christina S., John Marincola and Christoper Pelling. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. 245–66.Moore, F. G. On Urbs Aeterna and Urbs Sacra. Transactions of the American Philological Association (1869-1896) 25 (1894): 34–60.Murphy, Trevor. Privileged Knowledge: Valerius Soranus and the Secret Name of Rome. Rituals in Ink. A Conference on Religion and Literary Production in Ancient Rome. Eds. Barchiesi, Alessandro, Jà ¶rg Rà ¼pke and Susan Stephens: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2004.Rome. Oxford English Dictionary (OED) Online, Oxford University Press, June 2019Van Nuffelen, Peter. Varros Divine Antiquities: Roman Religion as an Image of Truth. Classical Philology 105.2 (2010): 162–88.

Demographic Transition Model

Demographic Transition Model The demographic transition model seeks to explain the transformation of countries from having high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates. In developed countries, this transition began in the eighteenth century and continues today. Less developed countries began the transition later and are still in the midst of earlier stages of the model. CBR CDR The model is based on the change in crude  birth rate (CBR) and crude death rate (CDR) over time. Each is expressed per thousand population. The CBR is determined by taking the number of births in one year in a country, dividing it by the countrys population, and multiplying the number by 1000. In 1998, the CBR in the United States is 14 per 1000 (14 births per 1000 people) while in Kenya it is 32 per 1000. The crude death rate is similarly determined. The number of deaths in one year is divided by the population and that figure is multiplied by 1000. This yields a CDR of 9 in the U.S. and 14 in Kenya. Stage I Prior to the Industrial Revolution, countries in Western Europe had high CBR and CDR. Births were high because more children meant more workers on the farm and with the high death rate, families needed more children to ensure the  survival of the family. Death rates were high due to disease and a lack of hygiene. The high CBR and CDR were somewhat stable and meant the  slow growth of a population. Occasional epidemics would dramatically increase the CDR for a few years (represented by the waves in Stage I of the model. Stage II In the mid-18th century, the death rate in Western European countries dropped due to improvement in sanitation and medicine. Out of tradition and practice, the birth rate remained high. This dropping death rate but the  stable birth rate at the beginning of Stage II contributed to skyrocketing population growth rates. Over time, children became an added expense and were less able to contribute to the wealth of a family. For this reason, along with advances in birth control, the CBR was reduced through the 20th century in developed countries. Populations still grew rapidly but this growth began to slow down. Many less developed countries are currently in Stage II of the model. For example, Kenyas high CBR of 32 per 1000 but low CDR of 14 per 1000 contribute to a high rate of growth (as in mid-Stage II). Stage III In the late 20th century, the CBR and CDR in developed countries both leveled off at a low rate. In some cases, the CBR is slightly higher than the CDR (as in the U.S. 14 versus 9) while in other countries the CBR is less than the CDR (as in Germany, 9 versus 11). (You can obtain current CBR and CDR data for all countries through the Census Bureaus International Data Base). Immigration from less developed countries now accounts for much of the population growth in developed countries that are in Stage III of the transition. Countries like China, South Korea, Singapore, and Cuba are rapidly approaching Stage III. The Model As with all models, the demographic transition model has its problems. The model does not provide guidelines as to how long it takes a country to get from Stage I to III. Western European countries took centuries through some rapidly developing countries like the Economic Tigers are transforming in mere decades. The model also does not predict that all countries will reach Stage III and have stable low birth and death rates. There are factors such as religion that keep some countries birth rate from dropping. Though this version of the demographic transition is composed of three stages, youll find similar models in texts as well as ones that include four or even five stages. The shape of the graph is consistent but the divisions in time are the only modification. An understanding of this model, in any of its forms, will help you to better understand population policies and changes in developed and less developed countries around the world.

Development of a Dispatch System for Fire Brigade Essay

Development of a Dispatch System for Fire Brigade - Essay Example Moving on, the application design should have the same data formatting as the platform on which it runs. Issues specific to fire fighting dispatch systems A global dispatch software solution for fire brigade needs to consider several aspects. For instance, it needs to incorporate mobile computing, which will enable actual fire brigadiers to access the same incident information as is available to operators. Additionally, mobile computing should allow for automatically updating incident activity logs and status reports through a secure source. It is critical to reduce response time rates to the minimum in life-death situations such as fire hazards (Walz, Krumperman and Zigmon 245). Moreover, an element of interoperability should be introduced in the global version of dispatch system. It is integral for a global dispatch software solution to offer data-sharing capabilities amongst multiple agencies across widespread jurisdictions. The introduction of interoperability will be beneficial in a variety of ways. For instance, it will help in improving situational knowledge, incident planning, and greatly reduce response time rate (Brennan and Krohmer 80). This will also improve the extensive interface facilities in the overall despatch software. Lastly, the global fire brigade despatch system should contain reporting and analytical capabilities. This will allow public safety organizations all over the globe to more effectively manage the plethora of valuable information generated daily. This aspect should be specifically tailored in consideration of the requirements of local fire brigades in order to aid in more effective decision-making. Changes in the software development process of the company For developing successful international software, aspects that... This essay stresses that system information will be crucial in the success of a globalized dispatch fire brigade system. This is because system information contained in processes make up an application, system information files, or system servers. The sharing factor will allow fire brigades globally to fulfill their reporting and analytical responsibilities. Moreover, the operating system of this internationalized dispatch software should support universal coordinated time. Graphical terms and symbols used for denoting particular system components need to be localized to aid understanding. The internationalized software should also disallow inputting prohibited or problematic characters in naming files or directories. data exchange should be modified to facilitate the transfer of information across globe as quickly as possible. This will aid in identifying the nearest fire brigade to the accident scene and simultaneously equip those fire fighters with the same information as the loca l operator. This paper makes a conclusion that the development of internationalized software for fire brigades will enable response teams to identify easily the geographical locations of the accidents, nearest response vehicles by providing first responders with the same incident information as dispatchers. Thus, this software will not only escalate the performance of response teams, but also more importantly, save more lives and properties all around the globe.